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<h1 class="uw-mini-bar mb-4">
Expanding, uniting, and enhancing CLAS12 computing with OSG’s fabric of services
</h1>
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<h4 class="mt-0">
Josephine Watkins
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May 02, 2022
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<p><em>A mutually beneficial partnership between Jefferson Lab and the OSG Consortium at both the organizational and individual levels has delivered a prolific impact for the CLAS12 Experiment.</em></p>
<figure>
<img src="https://github.com/CHTC/Articles/main/images/Jefferson-Lab.jpg" alt="An aerial view of Jefferson Lab." />
<figcaption class="figure-caption">An aerial view of Jefferson Lab. (Photo courtesy of Jefferson Lab.)<br /></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Twenty-five feet underground within the U.S. Department of Energy’s Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Newport News, Virginia, electrons circulating at nearly the speed of light form a beam that’s as narrow as a single strand of human hair. Traveling around a racetrack-shaped accelerator five times in about 22 millionths of a second, electrons in this beam are directed into a target material, where they collide with protons and neutrons that reside inside the nuclei of the target atoms. These collisions produce an array of new particles, which ricochet out of the target material and into a unique detector that measures the particle’s momentum and speed to determine its mass and identity.</p>
<figure class="figure float-end" style="margin-left: 1em; width: 400px;">
<img src="https://github.com/CHTC/Articles/main/images/CLAS-Collaboration.jpg" class="figure-img img-fluid rounded" alt="Group photo of members of the CLAS Collaboration" width="400px" />
<figcaption class="figure-caption">Members of the CLAS Collaboration in March of 2018 at Jefferson Lab. (Photo courtesy of Jefferson Lab.)<br /></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>At first, these quantum interactions may seem incomprehensible in human dimensions, but these marvels of physics –– and the computational approaches
required to study them –– have brought together people, groups, and institutions across nations and scientific disciplines. The racetrack-shaped
accelerator at Jefferson Lab, officially known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF), attracts approximately 1,500 scientists
from around the world, all visiting Jefferson Lab to conduct experiments. The one-of-a-kind detector known as the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer,
or the CLAS detector, is the namesake of the <a href="https://www.jlab.org/physics/hall-b">CLAS Collaboration</a>, a group of over 200 collaborators from more than 40 institutions that span a total of
8 countries. <strong>To manage their ever-growing amounts of data, geographically-distributed collaboration, and complex workflows, the CLAS Collaboration
partners with the <a href="https://opensciencegrid.org/">OSG Consortium</a> in expanding, uniting, and enhancing their experiment.</strong></p>
<p>Researchers within this collaboration all strive to understand atomic structure, yet their individual <a href="https://www.jlab.org/physics/hall-b/pubs">topics of study</a>
are diverse, ranging from the multi-dimensional distribution of quarks and gluons inside a proton, to the binding interactions within a complex nuclei.
In pursuit of this research, scientists in the Collaboration have used 42 million core hours through OSG services in the past year. This number is
impressive in itself, yet the amount of communication and coordination required to achieve this level of computational throughput is far more
extraordinary. These collaborative endeavors have a long history, dating all the way back to the inception of the OSG Consortium.</p>
<h2 id="the-foundations-of-a-partnership">The foundations of a partnership</h2>
<p>After ten years of construction, Jefferson Lab began operations in 1997. This marked the beginnings not only of the CLAS experiment, but also the
collection of other physics experiments that call Jefferson Lab home. Soon after their launch, Jefferson Lab contributed as a founding institution for
the OSG Consortium. They participated in the formation of OSG’s bylaws but didn’t leverage OSG’s services because it wasn’t an appropriate fit for their
experiments at the time. In April of 2018, however, Jefferson Lab rejoined the OSG Consortium in full force to pursue opportunities for the <a href="http://www.gluex.org/">GlueX
experiment</a>, and eventually also for the CLAS Collaboration’s new and upgraded experiment called CLAS12.</p>
<p>This resurgence on the organizational level all stems from the actions of individual people. Before Jefferson Lab rejoined the OSG Consortium,
<a href="https://physics.uconn.edu/person/richard-jones/#">Richard Jones</a>, a principal investigator (PI) at the University of Connecticut who is involved in the GlueX experiment, began exploring OSG’s services.
Jones not only introduced the benefits of OSG to GlueX, but also to Jefferson Lab more broadly. After OSG’s workflow and infrastructure proved to be
scalable for GlueX, members of the CLAS Collaboration became interested in OSG’s fabric of services too. Frank Würthwein, OSG Executive Director,
interprets this process as a “flow of engagement that followed the social structures that the relevant parties were embedded in. Basically, it’s a campus
word-of-mouth.”</p>
<figure class="figure float-end" style="margin-left: 1em; width: 350px;">
<img src="https://github.com/CHTC/Articles/main/images/Frank.jpg" class="figure-img img-fluid rounded" alt="Frank Würthwein" width="350px" />
<figcaption class="figure-caption"> <br />Frank Würthwein, OSG Executive Director. (Photo by Owen Stanley).</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>This partnership was cemented when Würthwein visited Jefferson Lab to discuss opportunities for both the GlueX and CLAS12 experiments. The resulting
partnership that exists today has proven to be notably symbiotic. In fact, Würthwein professes that the partnership with Jefferson Lab has been absolutely
central to OSG’s mission: <strong>“Jefferson Lab and the CLAS Collaboration have helped us multiply our message, improve our tools, and ultimately advance open
science itself. They have played an important role in making us a better organization.”</strong> Likewise, the CLAS Collaboration has been able to expand their
computing capacity, unite their computing resources, and enhance their science as a result of working with OSG.</p>
<h2 id="expanding-computing-resources">Expanding computing resources</h2>
<p>On a fundamental level, OSG’s fabric of services provides the CLAS Collaboration with additional computing power through the Open Science Pool (OSPool) ––
an asset that was vital after transitioning to a new, upgraded version of the experiment in 2018. Compared to the original experiment, the electrons
blasting into the target material in the new experiment carry twice the energy –– 12 billion electron volts to be exact. This new experiment, coined
‘CLAS12’ to signify this energy increase, also engendered a tenfold increase in computing demand. While Jefferson Lab’s in-house computing resources are
extensive, the sheer amount of data produced in the CLAS12 experiment is substantial. Today, the experiment generates about 1 petabyte of data each year.</p>
<p>To put this number into perspective, 1 petabyte is equivalent to twenty million four-drawer filing cabinets completely filled with text, or 13.3 years of
HD-TV video. That’s <em>a lot</em> of data to manage.</p>
<figure class="figure float-end" style="margin-left: 1em; width: 350px;">
<img src="https://github.com/CHTC/Articles/main/images/Nathan.jpg" class="figure-img img-fluid rounded" alt="Nathan Baltzell, Jefferson Lab Staff Scientist" width="350px" />
<figcaption class="figure-caption"> <br />Nathan Baltzell, Jefferson Lab Staff Scientist.</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Nathan Baltzell, a Jefferson Lab Staff Scientist who organizes software efforts for CLAS12, describes how staff at Jefferson Lab responded to this data
dilemma: <strong>“When this newer era of experiments started four years ago, projections were that we would absorb all our local computing resources crunching
the real, experimental data. It was critical to be able to run simulations somewhere else.”</strong></p>
<p>That somewhere else became the capacity offered by the OSG. Each job submitted by CLAS12 researchers contains about 10,000 different monte-carlo
simulations and runs for roughly 4-6 hours on a single core. Once submitted to an OSG Access Point, CLAS12 jobs either run on opportunistic or dedicated
resources. Opportunistic resources, or resources contributed to the common good of all open science via the OSPool, have provided the CLAS12 experiment
with roughly 33 million core hours in the past year. On the other hand, dedicated resources –– those exclusively reserved for the CLAS12 experiment ––
supply the Collaboration with about 9 million core hours annually. These dedicated resources have undoubtedly played a role in expanding computing
capacity, but they also have proven instrumental in uniting computing resources of the CLAS Collaboration.</p>
<h2 id="uniting-geographically-distributed-computing-resources">Uniting geographically-distributed computing resources</h2>
<p>Beyond expanding the computing resources available to the CLAS12 experiment, OSG services have also played a role in uniting the CLAS Collaboration’s
existing computing resources scattered around the globe. Hundreds of collaborators belonging to many different institutions in a collection of countries
translates to more total computing resources at the Collaboration’s disposal. However, accessing this swath of distributed resources, installing the
necessary software, and ensuring everything runs smoothly proved to be a logistical headache that worsened as the CLAS Collaboration’s software evolved
and became more sophisticated.</p>
<figure class="figure float-end" style="margin-left: 1em; width: 350px;">
<img src="https://github.com/CHTC/Articles/main/images/Raffaela.jpg" class="figure-img img-fluid rounded" alt="Raffaella De Vita" width="350px" />
<figcaption class="figure-caption"> <br />Raffaella De Vita, INFN Staff Scientist and Software Coordinator of the CLAS Collaboration.</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Thankfully, OSG’s services could serve as a unified pool that would unite the CLAS Collaboration’s computing resources and bypass the logistical
bottlenecks. <a href="https://www.ge.infn.it/wordpress/?page_id=763&lang=en">Raffaella De Vita</a>, Software Coordinator and former Chair of the CLAS Collaboration, comments on the value of this approach: “The idea of
using OSG services to basically collect resources that our institutions could provide and make them in a unified pool that could be used more efficiently,
became very appealing to us.”</p>
<p><strong>Today, 6 CLAS Collaborators with their own computing centers have joined the OSPool to provide dedicated resources to the experiment in a more efficient
manner.</strong> These institutions include Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Glasgow University, Grille au service de la Recherche en Ile de France (GRIF),
Lamar University, Compute Canada, and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN). De Vita, a Staff Scientist at INFN, was personally involved in
coordinating the addition of INFN’s computing resources to the OSPool. She considers the process to be quite successful from her perspective: “People at
OSG took care of creating the connection and working with our computing center staff, and I basically just had to send some emails.” Zooming out on
impacts to the CLAS Collaboration more broadly, De Vita adds, “it’s been an excellent way to get members of the collaboration to contribute not only with
manpower, but also with computing resources.”</p>
<h2 id="enhancing-science-and-improving-workflows">Enhancing science and improving workflows</h2>
<p>Finally, collaboration among OSG and Jefferson Lab staff has resulted in improved workflows, streamlined submissions, and enhanced science. The <a href="https://htcondor.com/">HTCondor Software Suite</a>
(HTCSS), which was developed at UW-Madison and is used to automate and manage workloads, coordinates the submission of CLAS12 jobs. Containers, which
function naturally on the OSPool, are used to create custom software environments for CLAS12 jobs.</p>
<figure class="figure float-end" style="margin-left: 1em; width: 350px;">
<img src="https://github.com/CHTC/Articles/main/images/Maurizio.jpg" class="figure-img img-fluid rounded" alt="Maurizio Ungaro" width="350px" />
<figcaption class="figure-caption"> <br />Maurizio Ungaro, Jefferson Lab Staff Scientist.</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>When asked about workflows and job submissions, Maurizio Ungaro, a Jefferson Lab Staff Scientist who helps
coordinate CLAS12’s monte-carlo simulations, expresses: <strong>“This is actually where OSG services are really useful. Containers allow us to encapsulate the
software that we run, and HTCondor coordinates the submission of our jobs. Because of this, we’re able to solve two problems: one being CPU usage, and
the other being simulation organization.”</strong></p>
<p>Before they began using OSG Access Points, CLAS Collaborators used to write their own submission scripts, a challenging task that involved many moving
parts and was prone to errors. Now, through coordination with OSG staff, Ungaro and his team have been able to package the array of tools in a user-friendly
web portal. Describing the impacts of this new interface, Ungaro explains: “Now, collaborators are able to submit jobs using the web portal, even from
their phone! They can choose from several experiment configuration options, click the submit button, and within a few hours the results will be here at
Jefferson Lab on their user disk space.” In essence, this web portal streamlines the process of job submission, all so that CLAS Collaborators can grow
and improve their physics.</p>
<h2 id="a-legacy-of-multi-scale-collaboration">A legacy of multi-scale collaboration</h2>
<p>The partnership between Jefferson Lab and the OSG Consortium is a story of many dimensions. Projects of this scale are rarely a seamless production system
in which all components are automated. They require hard work and close coordination, at both the organizational and individual levels.</p>
<p>On the individual scale, consistent, day-to-day interactions accumulate to instill a lasting impact. OSG staff participate in Jefferson Lab’s weekly
meetings, engage in one-on-one calls, and organize meetings to resolve issues and support the CLAS12 experiment. Reflecting on the culmination of these
interactions, Ungaro would characterize his experience as “nothing short of incredible.” He adds: “I can see not just their technical expertise, but also
how they’re really willing to help, happy to contribute, and grateful to help our science.”</p>
<figure class="figure float-end" style="margin-left: 1em; width: 350px;">
<img src="https://github.com/CHTC/Articles/main/images/Pascal.jpg" class="figure-img img-fluid rounded" alt="Pascal Paschos" width="350px" />
<figcaption class="figure-caption"> <br />Pascal Paschos, OSG Collaborations Facilitator. </figcaption>
</figure>
<p><a href="https://maniaclab.uchicago.edu/team/">Pascal Paschos</a>, the OSG Area Coordinator for Collaboration support who works closely with the CLAS12 Collaboration,
sees the experience as an opportunity for growth: “OSG doesn’t merely provide a service to these individual labs; it’s also an opportunity for us to grow
as an organization by identifying what we have done well in our partnership with Jefferson Lab to enable such a prolific production from one of their
experiments.”</p>
<p>Ultimately, the CLAS experiment as it exists today is a product of cross-coordination between Collaboration members, executive teams, and technical staff
on both sides of the partnership, all working together to make something happen. As Paschos phrases it: <strong>“At the end of the day, you’re looking at
partnerships –– not between institutional entities –– but between people.”</strong></p>
<p>…</p>
<p><em>Learn more about <a href="https://www.jlab.org/">Jefferson Lab</a> and the <a href="https://opensciencegrid.org/about/introduction/">OSG Consortium</a>, and browse <a href="https://www.jlab.org/physics/hall-b/pubs">all publications</a> from the CLAS Collaboration.</em></p>
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